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System

Card 1 of 6

DiseaseEndocrine

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Recall: Pathophysiology · S/Sx · Gold Standard Dx · First-line Tx · Pearl

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DiseaseEndocrine

Pathophysiology: Insulin resistance + relative insulin deficiency → chronic hyperglycemia.
S/Sx: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, blurred vision; often asymptomatic early.
Gold Standard Dx: HbA1c ≥6.5%, fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or 2-hour OGTT ≥200 (confirm on repeat).
First-line Tx: Lifestyle + metformin first-line; add a GLP-1 agonist or SGLT2 inhibitor (esp. with CVD/CKD).

SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists give cardiovascular & renal benefit beyond glucose lowering.