- 🔬Pathophysiology
- Abrupt ↓ GFR — prerenal (hypoperfusion), intrinsic (e.g., ATN), or postrenal (obstruction).
- 🩺Signs & Symptoms
- Often detected only by rising creatinine; ↓ urine output may be the earliest sign; edema; uremia if severe.
- 🎯Gold Standard Diagnosis
- Rising creatinine / ↓ urine output (KDIGO); urine studies & FENa to localize the cause.
- 💊First-line Treatment
- Treat the cause; optimize volume/perfusion, stop nephrotoxins; dialysis for refractory complications.