Nephrolithiasis

Renal · ~5% of blueprint

Pathophysiology: Urinary supersaturation → stone formation (calcium oxalate is most common).
Signs & Symptoms: Sudden severe colicky flank pain radiating to the groin, hematuria, N/V, restlessness.
Gold Standard Diagnosis: Non-contrast CT abdomen/pelvis (gold standard); ultrasound in pregnancy.
First-line Treatment: Hydration + analgesia (NSAIDs); medical expulsive therapy (tamsulosin); urology if large/obstructing.

High-Yield Pearl

Stones <5 mm usually pass; obstruction with infection is a urologic emergency.

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