- 🔬Pathophysiology
- Urinary supersaturation → stone formation (calcium oxalate is most common).
- 🩺Signs & Symptoms
- Sudden severe colicky flank pain in waves radiating to groin/testis or labia, hematuria, N/V, restlessness.
- 🎯Gold Standard Diagnosis
- Non-contrast CT abdomen/pelvis (gold standard); ultrasound in pregnancy.
- 💊First-line Treatment
- Hydration + analgesia (NSAIDs); tamsulosin optional (benefit mainly distal 5–10 mm); urology if obstructing.