- 🔬Pathophysiology
- Insulin resistance + relative insulin deficiency → chronic hyperglycemia.
- 🩺Signs & Symptoms
- Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, blurred vision; often asymptomatic early.
- 🎯Gold Standard Diagnosis
- HbA1c ≥6.5%, fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or 2-hour OGTT ≥200 (confirm on repeat).
- 💊First-line Treatment
- Lifestyle + person-centered choice; metformin if glucose lowering is the sole issue. ASCVD/HF/CKD: SGLT2i or GLP-1 RA.