Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Endocrine · ~6% of blueprint- Pathophysiology
- Insulin resistance + relative insulin deficiency → chronic hyperglycemia.
- Signs & Symptoms
- Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, blurred vision; often asymptomatic early.
- Gold Standard Diagnosis
- HbA1c ≥6.5%, fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or 2-hour OGTT ≥200 (confirm on repeat).
- First-line Treatment
- Lifestyle + person-centered choice; metformin if glucose lowering is the sole issue. ASCVD/HF/CKD: SGLT2i or GLP-1 RA.
High-Yield Pearl
SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists give cardiovascular & renal benefit beyond glucose lowering.
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Immunology & Genetics
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Sources
Reviewed September 2026- 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 — American Diabetes Association, 2026
- 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 — American Diabetes Association, 2026
- StatPearls: Type 2 Diabetes — StatPearls Publishing, 2026
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