Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Endocrine · ~6% of blueprint

Pathophysiology: Insulin resistance + relative insulin deficiency → chronic hyperglycemia.
Signs & Symptoms: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, blurred vision; often asymptomatic early.
Gold Standard Diagnosis: HbA1c ≥6.5%, fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or 2-hour OGTT ≥200 (confirm on repeat).
First-line Treatment: Lifestyle + metformin first-line; add a GLP-1 agonist or SGLT2 inhibitor (esp. with CVD/CKD).

High-Yield Pearl

SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists give cardiovascular & renal benefit beyond glucose lowering.

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