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  • Cardiovascular
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For educational use only. Content is AI-generated, may contain errors, and is not medical advice — always verify against current primary sources and faculty guidance before clinical use.

HomeCardiovascularTetralogy of Fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot

Cardiovascular · ~11% of blueprint
Pathophysiology
Most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Four features: pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy, overriding aorta, VSD. RVOT obstruction → right-to-left shunt → cyanosis.
Signs & Symptoms
Cyanosis; 'tet spells' (hypercyanotic episodes relieved by squatting); systolic ejection murmur from pulmonary stenosis; digital clubbing.
Gold Standard Diagnosis
Echocardiography. CXR: 'boot-shaped' heart (coeur en sabot).
First-line Treatment
Surgical repair. Acute tet spell: knees-to-chest/squat, oxygen, IV fluids, beta-blocker, phenylephrine.
Drug cardsMetoprolol
High-Yield Pearl

Most common cyanotic congenital defect — PROVe: Pulmonary stenosis, RVH, Overriding aorta, VSD. Squatting ↑afterload → ↓right-to-left shunt, relieving tet spells. Boot-shaped heart on CXR.

More Cardiovascular conditions

  • Acute Coronary Syndrome (STEMI)
  • Acute Pericarditis
  • Aortic Dissection
  • Aortic Stenosis
  • Atrial Fibrillation
  • Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Heart Failure (HFrEF)
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Hypertension (Essential)
  • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
  • Infective Endocarditis
  • Mitral Regurgitation
All Cardiovascular