- 🔬Pathophysiology
- Reduced contractility (EF ≤40%) → ↓CO → neurohormonal (RAAS/SNS) activation → volume overload & remodeling.
- 🩺Signs & Symptoms
- Dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, PND, bilateral crackles, JVD, S3 gallop, peripheral edema.
- 🎯Gold Standard Diagnosis
- Echocardiography (assesses EF). BNP/NT-proBNP supports dx and tracks severity.
- 💊First-line Treatment
- GDMT: ARNI (or ACEi/ARB) + beta-blocker + MRA + SGLT2 inhibitor; loop diuretic for congestion.