Heart Failure (HFrEF)

Cardiovascular · ~11% of blueprint

Pathophysiology: Reduced contractility (EF <40%) → ↓CO → neurohormonal (RAAS/SNS) activation → volume overload & remodeling.
Signs & Symptoms: Dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, PND, bilateral crackles, JVD, S3 gallop, peripheral edema.
Gold Standard Diagnosis: Echocardiography (assesses EF). BNP/NT-proBNP supports dx and tracks severity.
First-line Treatment: GDMT: ARNI (or ACEi/ARB) + beta-blocker + MRA + SGLT2 inhibitor; loop diuretic for congestion.

High-Yield Pearl

The 4 pillars (ARNI, BB, MRA, SGLT2i) reduce mortality. Diuretics treat symptoms, not mortality.

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